Figure
The intersection of race and gender imposes dual wage penalties on women of color: Regression-adjusted hourly wage gaps relative to white men, by race, ethnicity, and gender, 1979--2022
| Black men | Black women | White women | Hispanic men | Hispanic women | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | 14.90% | 42.50% | 39.70% | 14.80% | 44.70% |
| 1980 | 15.60% | 41.50% | 38.80% | 14.80% | 44.20% |
| 1981 | 14.70% | 40.30% | 37.80% | 15.60% | 42.70% |
| 1982 | 17.10% | 40.50% | 36.60% | 16.10% | 42.00% |
| 1983 | 16.20% | 38.90% | 35.50% | 15.80% | 41.20% |
| 1984 | 16.60% | 39.70% | 35.20% | 16.40% | 41.60% |
| 1985 | 18.60% | 39.40% | 35.40% | 17.60% | 42.40% |
| 1986 | 17.70% | 38.90% | 35.00% | 17.20% | 42.40% |
| 1987 | 17.50% | 38.20% | 34.30% | 16.80% | 40.30% |
| 1988 | 16.00% | 37.90% | 33.50% | 17.20% | 40.30% |
| 1989 | 17.80% | 36.10% | 31.10% | 16.30% | 37.80% |
| 1990 | 17.70% | 35.30% | 29.80% | 15.80% | 35.80% |
| 1991 | 18.40% | 32.70% | 28.30% | 17.00% | 35.20% |
| 1992 | 18.40% | 31.20% | 26.70% | 16.50% | 34.20% |
| 1993 | 18.20% | 30.60% | 25.70% | 16.20% | 34.10% |
| 1994 | 16.70% | 31.60% | 25.40% | 15.70% | 33.90% |
| 1995 | 17.50% | 31.70% | 26.40% | 17.10% | 35.80% |
| 1996 | 19.80% | 33.30% | 25.90% | 17.30% | 34.00% |
| 1997 | 19.50% | 32.90% | 26.40% | 16.50% | 35.20% |
| 1998 | 17.30% | 31.30% | 25.90% | 15.70% | 34.70% |
| 1999 | 17.70% | 31.80% | 26.50% | 15.50% | 35.40% |
| 2000 | 17.80% | 30.80% | 26.70% | 15.60% | 34.40% |
| 2001 | 18.60% | 32.10% | 25.70% | 14.60% | 32.80% |
| 2002 | 17.80% | 30.80% | 24.60% | 14.10% | 33.70% |
| 2003 | 18.00% | 30.00% | 24.80% | 14.30% | 32.30% |
| 2004 | 17.70% | 30.00% | 25.30% | 14.50% | 32.70% |
| 2005 | 19.40% | 31.30% | 24.50% | 14.30% | 33.40% |
| 2006 | 18.40% | 30.50% | 24.80% | 14.20% | 34.00% |
| 2007 | 19.80% | 31.30% | 25.40% | 14.10% | 34.20% |
| 2008 | 20.50% | 31.70% | 25.10% | 13.80% | 33.90% |
| 2009 | 19.70% | 30.60% | 25.20% | 14.80% | 34.10% |
| 2010 | 19.10% | 29.70% | 23.90% | 15.20% | 33.80% |
| 2011 | 18.70% | 29.60% | 22.80% | 14.10% | 31.30% |
| 2012 | 19.20% | 31.70% | 24.40% | 15.20% | 33.40% |
| 2013 | 20.20% | 31.30% | 23.90% | 14.10% | 32.00% |
| 2014 | 20.90% | 31.70% | 23.70% | 14.30% | 32.80% |
| 2015 | 21.00% | 32.70% | 24.50% | 13.50% | 32.50% |
| 2016 | 19.90% | 31.80% | 24.20% | 12.20% | 32.10% |
| 2017 | 22.20% | 33.40% | 23.80% | 13.60% | 33.50% |
| 2018 | 23.60% | 35.00% | 25.40% | 13.80% | 34.30% |
| 2019 | 22.20% | 33.70% | 25.70% | 13.30% | 33.00% |
| 2020 | 20.20% | 34.20% | 25.80% | 13.70% | 33.10% |
| 2021 | 20.90% | 32.80% | 25.00% | 13.70% | 31.90% |
| 2022 | 18.80% | 32.40% | 25.80% | 13.30% | 32.60% |
Note: Race and ethnicity categories are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race).
Source: Economic Policy Institute (EPI) analysis of Current Population Survey basic monthly microdata, EPI Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.40 (2023), https://microdata.epi.org.
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