Since China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, the massive growth of the U.S. goods trade deficit with that country has cost 3.2 million U.S. jobs. Three fourths of the jobs lost, 2.4 million in total, were in manufacturing. These lost manufacturing jobs accounted for about two-thirds of all U.S. manufacturing jobs lost in this period. Growing U.S.-China trade deficits have caused job losses in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and in all but one U.S. congressional district, as shown in the map below.
Economic Snapshot
Net U.S. jobs displaced due to goods trade deficit with China as a share of total congressional district employment, 2001–2013
| Rank (by jobs displaced as share of total) | State | District | Net jobs displaced | District employment (in 2011) | Jobs displaced as a share of employment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 373 | Alabama | 1 | 3,500 | 283,000 | 1.24% |
| 243 | Alabama | 2 | 5,100 | 276,900 | 1.84% |
| 139 | Alabama | 3 | 6,400 | 274,600 | 2.33% |
| 71 | Alabama | 4 | 7,600 | 262,900 | 2.89% |
| 50 | Alabama | 5 | 10,100 | 311,900 | 3.24% |
| 265 | Alabama | 6 | 5,600 | 318,400 | 1.76% |
| 324 | Alabama | 7 | 3,800 | 253,500 | 1.50% |
| 424 | Alaska | Statewide | 2,600 | 344,300 | 0.76% |
| 362 | Arizona | 1 | 3,400 | 264,900 | 1.28% |
| 279 | Arizona | 2 | 5,100 | 299,200 | 1.70% |
| 385 | Arizona | 3 | 3,100 | 262,200 | 1.18% |
| 352 | Arizona | 4 | 3,100 | 233,500 | 1.33% |
| 21 | Arizona | 5 | 13,600 | 317,900 | 4.28% |
| 134 | Arizona | 6 | 8,600 | 366,000 | 2.35% |
| 148 | Arizona | 7 | 6,400 | 282,300 | 2.27% |
| 201 | Arizona | 8 | 6,100 | 301,700 | 2.02% |
| 49 | Arizona | 9 | 11,700 | 360,300 | 3.25% |
| 322 | Arkansas | 1 | 4,200 | 277,400 | 1.51% |
| 190 | Arkansas | 2 | 7,000 | 336,300 | 2.08% |
| 122 | Arkansas | 3 | 7,900 | 327,000 | 2.42% |
| 246 | Arkansas | 4 | 5,400 | 295,100 | 1.83% |
| 233 | California | 1 | 4,900 | 260,300 | 1.88% |
| 329 | California | 2 | 4,700 | 323,100 | 1.45% |
| 423 | California | 3 | 2,200 | 286,600 | 0.77% |
| 61 | California | 4 | 8,900 | 294,200 | 3.03% |
| 206 | California | 5 | 6,500 | 326,800 | 1.99% |
| 223 | California | 6 | 5,500 | 288,300 | 1.91% |
| 42 | California | 7 | 10,800 | 313,200 | 3.45% |
| 378 | California | 8 | 2,900 | 235,500 | 1.23% |
| 376 | California | 9 | 3,400 | 275,300 | 1.24% |
| 280 | California | 10 | 4,700 | 277,200 | 1.70% |
| 250 | California | 11 | 5,900 | 324,200 | 1.82% |
| 75 | California | 12 | 11,300 | 399,400 | 2.83% |
| 47 | California | 13 | 11,100 | 340,200 | 3.26% |
| 22 | California | 14 | 15,200 | 364,000 | 4.18% |
| 6 | California | 15 | 28,000 | 336,400 | 8.32% |
| 434 | California | 16 | 1,100 | 244,900 | 0.45% |
| 1 | California | 17 | 61,500 | 346,100 | 17.77% |
| 2 | California | 18 | 50,700 | 344,500 | 14.72% |
| 3 | California | 19 | 39,900 | 324,000 | 12.31% |
| 221 | California | 20 | 5,800 | 302,500 | 1.92% |
| 436 | California | 21 | -1,100 | 243,800 | -0.45% |
| 430 | California | 22 | 1,900 | 289,600 | 0.66% |
| 429 | California | 23 | 1,800 | 274,100 | 0.66% |
| 395 | California | 24 | 3,600 | 323,500 | 1.11% |
| 128 | California | 25 | 7,200 | 302,700 | 2.38% |
| 188 | California | 26 | 6,800 | 325,900 | 2.09% |
| 99 | California | 27 | 8,600 | 332,200 | 2.59% |
| 166 | California | 28 | 7,800 | 359,900 | 2.17% |
| 119 | California | 29 | 7,400 | 303,700 | 2.44% |
| 91 | California | 30 | 9,600 | 358,200 | 2.68% |
| 208 | California | 31 | 5,800 | 292,200 | 1.98% |
| 77 | California | 32 | 8,300 | 293,800 | 2.83% |
| 127 | California | 33 | 8,700 | 364,200 | 2.39% |
| 11 | California | 34 | 16,200 | 309,400 | 5.24% |
| 30 | California | 35 | 11,100 | 284,800 | 3.90% |
| 415 | California | 36 | 2,300 | 251,900 | 0.91% |
| 72 | California | 37 | 9,700 | 335,600 | 2.89% |
| 64 | California | 38 | 9,300 | 313,300 | 2.97% |
| 37 | California | 39 | 12,000 | 332,000 | 3.61% |
| 8 | California | 40 | 15,600 | 280,500 | 5.56% |
| 222 | California | 41 | 5,200 | 271,900 | 1.91% |
| 102 | California | 42 | 7,800 | 307,000 | 2.54% |
| 97 | California | 43 | 7,900 | 302,800 | 2.61% |
| 52 | California | 44 | 8,700 | 270,600 | 3.22% |
| 16 | California | 45 | 16,200 | 354,400 | 4.57% |
| 36 | California | 46 | 11,400 | 314,400 | 3.63% |
| 140 | California | 47 | 7,600 | 327,600 | 2.32% |
| 27 | California | 48 | 14,100 | 352,600 | 4.00% |
| 26 | California | 49 | 12,000 | 299,700 | 4.00% |
| 132 | California | 50 | 7,000 | 296,200 | 2.36% |
| 303 | California | 51 | 4,100 | 258,600 | 1.59% |
| 13 | California | 52 | 17,000 | 350,100 | 4.86% |
| 163 | California | 53 | 7,500 | 342,700 | 2.19% |
| 229 | Colorado | 1 | 7,300 | 384,400 | 1.90% |
| 39 | Colorado | 2 | 13,800 | 384,600 | 3.59% |
| 394 | Colorado | 3 | 3,700 | 331,400 | 1.12% |
| 40 | Colorado | 4 | 12,300 | 344,100 | 3.57% |
| 142 | Colorado | 5 | 7,300 | 315,900 | 2.31% |
| 162 | Colorado | 6 | 8,100 | 369,600 | 2.19% |
| 235 | Colorado | 7 | 6,800 | 362,500 | 1.88% |
| 262 | Connecticut | 1 | 6,200 | 349,800 | 1.77% |
| 275 | Connecticut | 2 | 6,000 | 348,600 | 1.72% |
| 169 | Connecticut | 3 | 7,600 | 352,700 | 2.15% |
| 143 | Connecticut | 4 | 7,900 | 343,000 | 2.30% |
| 153 | Connecticut | 5 | 7,800 | 348,300 | 2.24% |
| 356 | Delaware | Statewide | 5,500 | 420,400 | 1.31% |
| 417 | DC | Statewide | 2,800 | 310,600 | 0.90% |
| 418 | Florida | 1 | 2,700 | 303,900 | 0.89% |
| 390 | Florida | 2 | 3,400 | 301,500 | 1.13% |
| 419 | Florida | 3 | 2,400 | 277,000 | 0.87% |
| 366 | Florida | 4 | 4,200 | 329,900 | 1.27% |
| 347 | Florida | 5 | 3,800 | 284,000 | 1.34% |
| 357 | Florida | 6 | 3,700 | 283,200 | 1.31% |
| 289 | Florida | 7 | 5,300 | 322,500 | 1.64% |
| 90 | Florida | 8 | 7,600 | 283,400 | 2.68% |
| 405 | Florida | 9 | 3,200 | 317,200 | 1.01% |
| 386 | Florida | 10 | 3,900 | 331,500 | 1.18% |
| 360 | Florida | 11 | 2,800 | 217,400 | 1.29% |
| 170 | Florida | 12 | 6,100 | 283,200 | 2.15% |
| 167 | Florida | 13 | 6,700 | 309,200 | 2.17% |
| 336 | Florida | 14 | 4,600 | 320,700 | 1.43% |
| 354 | Florida | 15 | 4,000 | 304,200 | 1.31% |
| 320 | Florida | 16 | 4,200 | 276,100 | 1.52% |
| 435 | Florida | 17 | 1,100 | 248,700 | 0.44% |
| 367 | Florida | 18 | 3,600 | 284,000 | 1.27% |
| 407 | Florida | 19 | 2,600 | 265,200 | 0.98% |
| 338 | Florida | 20 | 4,300 | 302,100 | 1.42% |
| 353 | Florida | 21 | 4,200 | 316,800 | 1.33% |
| 212 | Florida | 22 | 6,500 | 332,000 | 1.96% |
| 186 | Florida | 23 | 7,100 | 339,900 | 2.09% |
| 350 | Florida | 24 | 3,900 | 293,400 | 1.33% |
| 307 | Florida | 25 | 5,100 | 326,000 | 1.56% |
| 388 | Florida | 26 | 3,800 | 335,600 | 1.13% |
| 317 | Florida | 27 | 4,800 | 313,600 | 1.53% |
| 404 | Georgia | 1 | 2,900 | 286,100 | 1.01% |
| 292 | Georgia | 2 | 4,100 | 251,200 | 1.63% |
| 88 | Georgia | 3 | 7,700 | 285,800 | 2.69% |
| 273 | Georgia | 4 | 5,400 | 311,700 | 1.73% |
| 264 | Georgia | 5 | 5,600 | 318,100 | 1.76% |
| 104 | Georgia | 6 | 9,100 | 361,200 | 2.52% |
| 55 | Georgia | 7 | 9,800 | 312,500 | 3.14% |
| 363 | Georgia | 8 | 3,500 | 272,700 | 1.28% |
| 86 | Georgia | 9 | 7,700 | 284,600 | 2.71% |
| 255 | Georgia | 10 | 5,200 | 287,400 | 1.81% |
| 174 | Georgia | 11 | 7,300 | 340,900 | 2.14% |
| 282 | Georgia | 12 | 4,700 | 278,200 | 1.69% |
| 306 | Georgia | 13 | 4,900 | 312,800 | 1.57% |
| 10 | Georgia | 14 | 15,700 | 290,700 | 5.40% |
| 380 | Hawaii | 1 | 4,000 | 330,100 | 1.21% |
| 426 | Hawaii | 2 | 2,100 | 299,400 | 0.70% |
| 74 | Idaho | 1 | 9,400 | 329,900 | 2.85% |
| 195 | Idaho | 2 | 7,300 | 355,000 | 2.06% |
| 321 | Illinois | 1 | 4,400 | 290,200 | 1.52% |
| 263 | Illinois | 2 | 4,900 | 278,200 | 1.76% |
| 259 | Illinois | 3 | 5,700 | 319,500 | 1.78% |
| 110 | Illinois | 4 | 8,100 | 326,600 | 2.48% |
| 155 | Illinois | 5 | 8,900 | 397,600 | 2.24% |
| 18 | Illinois | 6 | 15,700 | 355,600 | 4.42% |
| 315 | Illinois | 7 | 4,600 | 298,500 | 1.54% |
| 56 | Illinois | 8 | 11,400 | 366,300 | 3.11% |
| 95 | Illinois | 9 | 9,100 | 347,200 | 2.62% |
| 58 | Illinois | 10 | 9,900 | 324,800 | 3.05% |
| 65 | Illinois | 11 | 10,300 | 347,300 | 2.97% |
| 345 | Illinois | 12 | 4,100 | 301,000 | 1.36% |
| 387 | Illinois | 13 | 3,700 | 326,600 | 1.13% |
| 85 | Illinois | 14 | 9,500 | 351,000 | 2.71% |
| 309 | Illinois | 15 | 4,900 | 316,500 | 1.55% |
| 260 | Illinois | 16 | 5,900 | 330,800 | 1.78% |
| 213 | Illinois | 17 | 6,100 | 311,700 | 1.96% |
| 316 | Illinois | 18 | 5,200 | 337,500 | 1.54% |
| 257 | Indiana | 1 | 5,600 | 310,600 | 1.80% |
| 84 | Indiana | 2 | 8,700 | 317,800 | 2.74% |
| 53 | Indiana | 3 | 10,400 | 327,000 | 3.18% |
| 210 | Indiana | 4 | 6,500 | 328,500 | 1.98% |
| 242 | Indiana | 5 | 6,600 | 357,700 | 1.85% |
| 118 | Indiana | 6 | 7,600 | 311,900 | 2.44% |
| 171 | Indiana | 7 | 6,700 | 312,200 | 2.15% |
| 87 | Indiana | 8 | 8,900 | 329,300 | 2.70% |
| 211 | Indiana | 9 | 6,700 | 339,400 | 1.97% |
| 185 | Iowa | 1 | 8,200 | 392,300 | 2.09% |
| 236 | Iowa | 2 | 7,000 | 373,400 | 1.87% |
| 349 | Iowa | 3 | 5,200 | 390,800 | 1.33% |
| 398 | Iowa | 4 | 4,200 | 382,300 | 1.10% |
| 422 | Kansas | 1 | 2,900 | 345,900 | 0.84% |
| 335 | Kansas | 2 | 4,900 | 339,900 | 1.44% |
| 176 | Kansas | 3 | 7,900 | 370,300 | 2.13% |
| 402 | Kansas | 4 | 3,500 | 332,900 | 1.05% |
| 182 | Kentucky | 1 | 6,000 | 284,800 | 2.11% |
| 131 | Kentucky | 2 | 7,500 | 317,100 | 2.37% |
| 137 | Kentucky | 3 | 7,800 | 333,300 | 2.34% |
| 272 | Kentucky | 4 | 5,800 | 333,500 | 1.74% |
| 365 | Kentucky | 5 | 3,000 | 234,300 | 1.28% |
| 46 | Kentucky | 6 | 11,000 | 335,400 | 3.28% |
| 416 | Louisiana | 1 | 3,200 | 354,000 | 0.90% |
| 420 | Louisiana | 2 | 2,800 | 329,000 | 0.85% |
| 414 | Louisiana | 3 | 3,000 | 328,100 | 0.91% |
| 400 | Louisiana | 4 | 3,400 | 311,100 | 1.09% |
| 421 | Louisiana | 5 | 2,400 | 283,900 | 0.85% |
| 410 | Louisiana | 6 | 3,500 | 367,800 | 0.95% |
| 285 | Maine | 1 | 5,700 | 340,400 | 1.67% |
| 241 | Maine | 2 | 5,600 | 302,700 | 1.85% |
| 342 | Maryland | 1 | 4,800 | 342,300 | 1.40% |
| 371 | Maryland | 2 | 4,400 | 351,700 | 1.25% |
| 346 | Maryland | 3 | 5,000 | 369,500 | 1.35% |
| 327 | Maryland | 4 | 5,700 | 384,100 | 1.48% |
| 372 | Maryland | 5 | 4,600 | 368,200 | 1.25% |
| 251 | Maryland | 6 | 6,600 | 363,200 | 1.82% |
| 343 | Maryland | 7 | 4,400 | 315,700 | 1.39% |
| 261 | Maryland | 8 | 7,100 | 400,100 | 1.77% |
| 308 | Massachusetts | 1 | 5,300 | 341,000 | 1.55% |
| 24 | Massachusetts | 2 | 14,600 | 356,500 | 4.10% |
| 7 | Massachusetts | 3 | 20,000 | 355,400 | 5.63% |
| 35 | Massachusetts | 4 | 13,600 | 374,800 | 3.63% |
| 43 | Massachusetts | 5 | 13,200 | 387,400 | 3.41% |
| 107 | Massachusetts | 6 | 9,300 | 372,000 | 2.50% |
| 300 | Massachusetts | 7 | 5,900 | 369,800 | 1.60% |
| 192 | Massachusetts | 8 | 7,800 | 375,600 | 2.08% |
| 184 | Massachusetts | 9 | 7,400 | 352,300 | 2.10% |
| 339 | Michigan | 1 | 4,100 | 290,200 | 1.41% |
| 117 | Michigan | 2 | 7,700 | 315,900 | 2.44% |
| 168 | Michigan | 3 | 6,800 | 315,300 | 2.16% |
| 218 | Michigan | 4 | 5,500 | 286,300 | 1.92% |
| 294 | Michigan | 5 | 4,300 | 264,800 | 1.62% |
| 203 | Michigan | 6 | 6,200 | 310,400 | 2.00% |
| 278 | Michigan | 7 | 5,100 | 299,100 | 1.71% |
| 200 | Michigan | 8 | 6,700 | 330,800 | 2.03% |
| 217 | Michigan | 9 | 6,300 | 326,100 | 1.93% |
| 144 | Michigan | 10 | 7,100 | 308,700 | 2.30% |
| 161 | Michigan | 11 | 7,500 | 342,100 | 2.19% |
| 337 | Michigan | 12 | 4,500 | 313,800 | 1.43% |
| 281 | Michigan | 13 | 3,900 | 230,700 | 1.69% |
| 277 | Michigan | 14 | 4,400 | 257,700 | 1.71% |
| 14 | Minnesota | 1 | 16,300 | 348,200 | 4.68% |
| 23 | Minnesota | 2 | 14,900 | 358,300 | 4.16% |
| 25 | Minnesota | 3 | 14,200 | 353,800 | 4.01% |
| 156 | Minnesota | 4 | 7,500 | 336,000 | 2.23% |
| 111 | Minnesota | 5 | 8,700 | 352,000 | 2.47% |
| 69 | Minnesota | 6 | 10,100 | 348,700 | 2.90% |
| 249 | Minnesota | 7 | 6,000 | 328,700 | 1.83% |
| 252 | Minnesota | 8 | 5,500 | 303,400 | 1.81% |
| 78 | Mississippi | 1 | 8,600 | 305,600 | 2.81% |
| 374 | Mississippi | 2 | 3,300 | 266,900 | 1.24% |
| 331 | Mississippi | 3 | 4,400 | 303,900 | 1.45% |
| 355 | Mississippi | 4 | 4,000 | 304,900 | 1.31% |
| 425 | Montana | Statewide | 3,600 | 480,000 | 0.75% |
| 330 | Missouri | 1 | 4,800 | 331,500 | 1.45% |
| 202 | Missouri | 2 | 7,600 | 378,600 | 2.01% |
| 326 | Missouri | 3 | 5,500 | 370,000 | 1.49% |
| 369 | Missouri | 4 | 4,100 | 324,900 | 1.26% |
| 302 | Missouri | 5 | 5,500 | 345,300 | 1.59% |
| 344 | Missouri | 6 | 4,900 | 355,900 | 1.38% |
| 239 | Missouri | 7 | 6,300 | 337,400 | 1.87% |
| 256 | Missouri | 8 | 5,400 | 298,500 | 1.81% |
| 325 | Nebraska | 1 | 4,800 | 321,700 | 1.49% |
| 288 | Nebraska | 2 | 5,200 | 316,300 | 1.64% |
| 428 | Nebraska | 3 | 2,100 | 305,600 | 0.69% |
| 401 | Nevada | 1 | 3,100 | 284,700 | 1.09% |
| 283 | Nevada | 2 | 5,200 | 309,400 | 1.68% |
| 389 | Nevada | 3 | 3,800 | 336,500 | 1.13% |
| 399 | Nevada | 4 | 3,000 | 274,300 | 1.09% |
| 63 | New Hampshire | 1 | 10,500 | 352,600 | 2.98% |
| 33 | New Hampshire | 2 | 12,200 | 332,200 | 3.67% |
| 247 | New Jersey | 1 | 6,200 | 339,200 | 1.83% |
| 377 | New Jersey | 2 | 4,000 | 324,400 | 1.23% |
| 293 | New Jersey | 3 | 5,600 | 344,200 | 1.63% |
| 228 | New Jersey | 4 | 6,200 | 326,400 | 1.90% |
| 79 | New Jersey | 5 | 10,000 | 356,100 | 2.81% |
| 129 | New Jersey | 6 | 8,400 | 353,600 | 2.38% |
| 45 | New Jersey | 7 | 12,400 | 377,100 | 3.29% |
| 103 | New Jersey | 8 | 9,400 | 371,000 | 2.53% |
| 126 | New Jersey | 9 | 8,100 | 338,500 | 2.39% |
| 244 | New Jersey | 10 | 5,700 | 310,700 | 1.83% |
| 96 | New Jersey | 11 | 9,400 | 358,800 | 2.62% |
| 237 | New Jersey | 12 | 6,600 | 352,400 | 1.87% |
| 196 | New Mexico | 1 | 6,400 | 311,900 | 2.05% |
| 427 | New Mexico | 2 | 1,900 | 273,100 | 0.70% |
| 323 | New Mexico | 3 | 4,300 | 284,800 | 1.51% |
| 113 | New York | 1 | 8,400 | 343,300 | 2.45% |
| 135 | New York | 2 | 8,400 | 357,800 | 2.35% |
| 268 | New York | 3 | 5,900 | 336,700 | 1.75% |
| 361 | New York | 4 | 4,400 | 342,500 | 1.28% |
| 286 | New York | 5 | 5,600 | 336,200 | 1.67% |
| 276 | New York | 6 | 5,600 | 327,000 | 1.71% |
| 98 | New York | 7 | 8,400 | 322,200 | 2.61% |
| 305 | New York | 8 | 4,600 | 292,700 | 1.57% |
| 328 | New York | 9 | 4,800 | 324,900 | 1.48% |
| 304 | New York | 10 | 5,700 | 360,300 | 1.58% |
| 314 | New York | 11 | 4,900 | 317,500 | 1.54% |
| 209 | New York | 12 | 8,300 | 418,800 | 1.98% |
| 313 | New York | 13 | 4,900 | 317,200 | 1.54% |
| 319 | New York | 14 | 5,200 | 341,800 | 1.52% |
| 351 | New York | 15 | 3,400 | 255,900 | 1.33% |
| 298 | New York | 16 | 5,200 | 323,600 | 1.61% |
| 204 | New York | 17 | 6,800 | 341,400 | 1.99% |
| 15 | New York | 18 | 15,200 | 332,100 | 4.58% |
| 68 | New York | 19 | 9,600 | 327,300 | 2.93% |
| 301 | New York | 20 | 5,700 | 357,600 | 1.59% |
| 253 | New York | 21 | 5,600 | 309,200 | 1.81% |
| 130 | New York | 22 | 7,600 | 320,200 | 2.37% |
| 199 | New York | 23 | 6,600 | 324,600 | 2.03% |
| 181 | New York | 24 | 6,900 | 327,300 | 2.11% |
| 70 | New York | 25 | 9,700 | 335,400 | 2.89% |
| 296 | New York | 26 | 5,300 | 327,700 | 1.62% |
| 215 | New York | 27 | 6,600 | 337,800 | 1.95% |
| 207 | North Carolina | 1 | 5,800 | 291,800 | 1.99% |
| 28 | North Carolina | 2 | 12,100 | 303,800 | 3.98% |
| 403 | North Carolina | 3 | 3,100 | 305,600 | 1.01% |
| 82 | North Carolina | 4 | 9,800 | 350,900 | 2.79% |
| 54 | North Carolina | 5 | 10,200 | 324,500 | 3.14% |
| 41 | North Carolina | 6 | 12,200 | 341,800 | 3.57% |
| 348 | North Carolina | 7 | 4,200 | 315,400 | 1.33% |
| 31 | North Carolina | 8 | 11,400 | 301,700 | 3.78% |
| 125 | North Carolina | 9 | 8,900 | 371,400 | 2.40% |
| 38 | North Carolina | 10 | 11,700 | 324,000 | 3.61% |
| 112 | North Carolina | 11 | 7,300 | 295,400 | 2.47% |
| 67 | North Carolina | 12 | 9,400 | 319,800 | 2.94% |
| 32 | North Carolina | 13 | 13,200 | 349,900 | 3.77% |
| 431 | North Dakota | Statewide | 2,400 | 370,800 | 0.65% |
| 270 | Ohio | 1 | 5,800 | 332,300 | 1.75% |
| 298 | Ohio | 2 | 5,200 | 323,600 | 1.61% |
| 271 | Ohio | 3 | 5,800 | 333,000 | 1.74% |
| 121 | Ohio | 4 | 7,700 | 317,900 | 2.42% |
| 151 | Ohio | 5 | 7,500 | 334,200 | 2.24% |
| 216 | Ohio | 6 | 5,700 | 292,300 | 1.95% |
| 101 | Ohio | 7 | 8,400 | 326,800 | 2.57% |
| 159 | Ohio | 8 | 7,300 | 328,800 | 2.22% |
| 254 | Ohio | 9 | 5,700 | 315,000 | 1.81% |
| 197 | Ohio | 10 | 6,400 | 312,800 | 2.05% |
| 291 | Ohio | 11 | 4,500 | 275,200 | 1.64% |
| 290 | Ohio | 12 | 5,900 | 359,500 | 1.64% |
| 120 | Ohio | 13 | 7,800 | 320,400 | 2.43% |
| 100 | Ohio | 14 | 9,000 | 349,700 | 2.57% |
| 274 | Ohio | 15 | 5,800 | 336,400 | 1.72% |
| 158 | Ohio | 16 | 7,900 | 355,600 | 2.22% |
| 123 | Oklahoma | 1 | 8,700 | 361,900 | 2.40% |
| 333 | Oklahoma | 2 | 4,200 | 290,300 | 1.45% |
| 392 | Oklahoma | 3 | 3,700 | 329,900 | 1.12% |
| 191 | Oklahoma | 4 | 7,300 | 350,900 | 2.08% |
| 310 | Oklahoma | 5 | 5,400 | 348,800 | 1.55% |
| 5 | Oregon | 1 | 32,500 | 377,200 | 8.62% |
| 318 | Oregon | 2 | 4,800 | 314,200 | 1.53% |
| 66 | Oregon | 3 | 11,300 | 383,300 | 2.95% |
| 149 | Oregon | 4 | 7,000 | 309,000 | 2.27% |
| 165 | Oregon | 5 | 7,100 | 326,700 | 2.17% |
| 266 | Pennsylvania | 1 | 4,800 | 273,300 | 1.76% |
| 364 | Pennsylvania | 2 | 3,500 | 273,100 | 1.28% |
| 108 | Pennsylvania | 3 | 7,900 | 317,700 | 2.49% |
| 178 | Pennsylvania | 4 | 7,300 | 342,900 | 2.13% |
| 189 | Pennsylvania | 5 | 6,600 | 316,800 | 2.08% |
| 136 | Pennsylvania | 6 | 8,500 | 362,300 | 2.35% |
| 194 | Pennsylvania | 7 | 7,000 | 339,700 | 2.06% |
| 124 | Pennsylvania | 8 | 8,600 | 357,800 | 2.40% |
| 226 | Pennsylvania | 9 | 5,800 | 304,800 | 1.90% |
| 172 | Pennsylvania | 10 | 6,700 | 312,500 | 2.14% |
| 240 | Pennsylvania | 11 | 6,100 | 329,300 | 1.85% |
| 146 | Pennsylvania | 12 | 7,600 | 331,900 | 2.29% |
| 220 | Pennsylvania | 13 | 6,500 | 339,000 | 1.92% |
| 248 | Pennsylvania | 14 | 5,900 | 323,200 | 1.83% |
| 115 | Pennsylvania | 15 | 8,400 | 343,800 | 2.44% |
| 198 | Pennsylvania | 16 | 6,700 | 327,700 | 2.04% |
| 154 | Pennsylvania | 17 | 7,000 | 312,600 | 2.24% |
| 157 | Pennsylvania | 18 | 7,700 | 345,000 | 2.23% |
| 105 | Rhode Island | 1 | 6,300 | 250,900 | 2.51% |
| 93 | Rhode Island | 2 | 6,900 | 260,300 | 2.65% |
| 358 | South Carolina | 1 | 3,900 | 299,800 | 1.30% |
| 245 | South Carolina | 2 | 5,600 | 305,600 | 1.83% |
| 48 | South Carolina | 3 | 8,600 | 264,500 | 3.25% |
| 83 | South Carolina | 4 | 8,400 | 301,000 | 2.79% |
| 62 | South Carolina | 5 | 8,200 | 275,200 | 2.98% |
| 287 | South Carolina | 6 | 4,200 | 253,500 | 1.66% |
| 179 | South Carolina | 7 | 5,700 | 269,400 | 2.12% |
| 382 | South Dakota | 1 | 5,000 | 415,600 | 1.20% |
| 160 | Tennessee | 1 | 6,600 | 297,600 | 2.22% |
| 295 | Tennessee | 2 | 5,300 | 327,200 | 1.62% |
| 133 | Tennessee | 3 | 7,000 | 297,000 | 2.36% |
| 94 | Tennessee | 4 | 8,300 | 314,500 | 2.64% |
| 92 | Tennessee | 5 | 9,400 | 353,400 | 2.66% |
| 183 | Tennessee | 6 | 6,400 | 304,500 | 2.10% |
| 81 | Tennessee | 7 | 8,000 | 285,800 | 2.80% |
| 224 | Tennessee | 8 | 5,700 | 299,200 | 1.91% |
| 227 | Tennessee | 9 | 5,800 | 305,300 | 1.90% |
| 334 | Texas | 1 | 4,300 | 297,700 | 1.44% |
| 20 | Texas | 2 | 15,600 | 364,600 | 4.28% |
| 9 | Texas | 3 | 20,600 | 371,200 | 5.55% |
| 238 | Texas | 4 | 5,600 | 299,300 | 1.87% |
| 232 | Texas | 5 | 5,700 | 300,800 | 1.89% |
| 145 | Texas | 6 | 8,000 | 348,800 | 2.29% |
| 60 | Texas | 7 | 11,400 | 376,300 | 3.03% |
| 269 | Texas | 8 | 5,400 | 309,200 | 1.75% |
| 180 | Texas | 9 | 6,900 | 326,400 | 2.11% |
| 12 | Texas | 10 | 17,300 | 342,600 | 5.05% |
| 408 | Texas | 11 | 3,000 | 308,800 | 0.97% |
| 73 | Texas | 12 | 9,700 | 337,500 | 2.87% |
| 397 | Texas | 13 | 3,400 | 309,000 | 1.10% |
| 393 | Texas | 14 | 3,400 | 303,300 | 1.12% |
| 406 | Texas | 15 | 2,800 | 280,900 | 1.00% |
| 214 | Texas | 16 | 5,500 | 281,300 | 1.96% |
| 19 | Texas | 17 | 14,100 | 329,300 | 4.28% |
| 17 | Texas | 18 | 13,900 | 306,400 | 4.54% |
| 409 | Texas | 19 | 3,000 | 310,700 | 0.97% |
| 383 | Texas | 20 | 3,700 | 311,400 | 1.19% |
| 164 | Texas | 21 | 7,900 | 361,200 | 2.19% |
| 258 | Texas | 22 | 6,300 | 352,500 | 1.79% |
| 381 | Texas | 23 | 3,500 | 289,700 | 1.21% |
| 51 | Texas | 24 | 12,500 | 388,600 | 3.22% |
| 29 | Texas | 25 | 11,800 | 302,200 | 3.90% |
| 138 | Texas | 26 | 8,600 | 368,300 | 2.34% |
| 340 | Texas | 27 | 4,300 | 305,600 | 1.41% |
| 413 | Texas | 28 | 2,500 | 266,300 | 0.94% |
| 234 | Texas | 29 | 5,500 | 292,900 | 1.88% |
| 187 | Texas | 30 | 6,100 | 292,300 | 2.09% |
| 4 | Texas | 31 | 36,800 | 323,000 | 11.39% |
| 34 | Texas | 32 | 13,200 | 360,900 | 3.66% |
| 44 | Texas | 33 | 9,500 | 283,900 | 3.35% |
| 411 | Texas | 34 | 2,300 | 242,200 | 0.95% |
| 175 | Texas | 35 | 6,800 | 318,200 | 2.14% |
| 368 | Texas | 36 | 3,700 | 291,900 | 1.27% |
| 219 | Utah | 1 | 6,000 | 312,400 | 1.92% |
| 193 | Utah | 2 | 6,300 | 305,700 | 2.06% |
| 116 | Utah | 3 | 7,600 | 311,200 | 2.44% |
| 173 | Utah | 4 | 7,100 | 331,500 | 2.14% |
| 106 | Vermont | Statewide | 8,200 | 327,300 | 2.51% |
| 332 | Virginia | 1 | 5,100 | 352,400 | 1.45% |
| 359 | Virginia | 2 | 4,400 | 339,800 | 1.29% |
| 384 | Virginia | 3 | 3,800 | 320,100 | 1.19% |
| 297 | Virginia | 4 | 5,300 | 327,900 | 1.62% |
| 230 | Virginia | 5 | 6,000 | 316,100 | 1.90% |
| 284 | Virginia | 6 | 5,700 | 339,900 | 1.68% |
| 267 | Virginia | 7 | 6,400 | 364,600 | 1.76% |
| 396 | Virginia | 8 | 4,700 | 423,700 | 1.11% |
| 114 | Virginia | 9 | 7,300 | 298,400 | 2.45% |
| 141 | Virginia | 10 | 8,700 | 376,400 | 2.31% |
| 311 | Virginia | 11 | 6,200 | 400,900 | 1.55% |
| 59 | Washington | 1 | 10,100 | 332,300 | 3.04% |
| 379 | Washington | 2 | 3,900 | 318,900 | 1.22% |
| 57 | Washington | 3 | 8,700 | 284,500 | 3.06% |
| 433 | Washington | 4 | 1,500 | 284,500 | 0.53% |
| 341 | Washington | 5 | 4,100 | 291,500 | 1.41% |
| 391 | Washington | 6 | 3,100 | 275,500 | 1.13% |
| 177 | Washington | 7 | 8,100 | 380,000 | 2.13% |
| 370 | Washington | 8 | 4,000 | 318,000 | 1.26% |
| 225 | Washington | 9 | 6,500 | 341,400 | 1.90% |
| 205 | Washington | 10 | 5,800 | 291,300 | 1.99% |
| 312 | West Virginia | 1 | 4,000 | 258,700 | 1.55% |
| 374 | West Virginia | 2 | 3,300 | 266,900 | 1.24% |
| 412 | West Virginia | 3 | 2,100 | 223,000 | 0.94% |
| 109 | Wisconsin | 1 | 8,500 | 342,500 | 2.48% |
| 231 | Wisconsin | 2 | 7,400 | 390,000 | 1.90% |
| 76 | Wisconsin | 3 | 10,000 | 353,500 | 2.83% |
| 152 | Wisconsin | 4 | 6,900 | 308,000 | 2.24% |
| 80 | Wisconsin | 5 | 10,400 | 370,600 | 2.81% |
| 89 | Wisconsin | 6 | 9,500 | 353,600 | 2.69% |
| 150 | Wisconsin | 7 | 7,600 | 338,400 | 2.25% |
| 147 | Wisconsin | 8 | 8,300 | 362,800 | 2.29% |
| 432 | Wyoming | Statewide | 1,700 | 290,000 | 0.59% |
| Total* | 3,157,100 | 140,399,600 | 2.25% |
*Subcategory and overall totals may vary slightly due to rounding.
Source: Authors' analysis of U.S. Census Bureau (2013), U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC 2014), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS 2014b), and BLS Employment Projections program (BLS-EP 2014a and 2014b). For a more detailed explanation of data sources and computations, see the appendix.
Proponents of China’s entry into the WTO, including former President Bill Clinton, frequently claimed that it would create jobs in the United States, increase U.S. exports, and improve the trade deficit with China. But the reality of U.S. trade with China failed to achieve those benchmarks. Exports to China have increased somewhat since 2001, but imports have increased two-and-a-half times as much, leading to growing trade deficits and net job losses. The new EPI report China Trade, Outsourcing and Jobs estimates both the jobs supported by increased exports (of which there were about 600,000) and the jobs displaced by growing imports (3.8 million). The 3.2 million jobs lost is the net cost of growing U.S. trade deficits with China between 2001 and 2013.
Last week, President Obama announced plans to ask Congress to renew “fast track” trade promotion authority in order to finalize the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade and investment deal. Members of Congress would be well advised to remember that previous trade and investment deals negotiated under fast track have led to growing trade deficits and job losses. The United States has growing trade deficits with all 11 TPP partner countries, which sets the stage for yet more trade-related job losses if the TPP is finalized. Growing trade deficits and millions of jobs lost to China stand as a stark reminder of the risks at stake in negotiating yet another, gigantic, job-destroying trade and investment deal.
