Characteristics of states with anti-racial and/or gender justice legislation
| State | Minimum wage | Union density | Voter suppression bill(s) enacted in 2021 | RTW status | Anti-racial justice legislation | Legislation key | Voter suppression key | RTW Key |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 9.2% | AL H.B. 285, AL H.B. 538 | Yes | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Alaska | $10.34 | 19.1% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Arizona | $12.15 | 6.3% | AZ S.B. 1003, AZ S.B. 1485, AZ S.B. 1819 | Yes | Signed | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Arkansas | $11.00 | 6.8% | AR H.B. 1112, AR H.B. 1244, AR H.B. 1715, AR S.B. 643 | Yes | Signed | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| California | $13.00 | 16.9% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Colorado | $12.32 | 10.3% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Connecticut | $13.00 | 18.1% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Delaware | $9.25 | 5.5% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Washington D.C. | $15.20 | 10.9% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Florida | $8.65 | 5.3% | FL S.B. 90 | Yes | School board ruling | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Georgia | $7.25 | 5.6% | GA S.B. 202 | Yes | School board ruling | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Hawaii | $10.10 | 25.8% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Idaho | $7.25 | 6.5% | ID H.B. 290 | Yes | Signed | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Illinois | $11.00 | 16.7% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Indiana | $7.25 | 8.8% | IN S.B. 398* (*Bill has both restrictive and expansive voting effects.) | Yes | N/A | N/A | 1 | 1 |
| Iowa | $7.25 | 5.6% | IA S.F. 413, IA S.F. 568 | Yes | Signed | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Kansas | $7.25 | 8.4% | KS H.B. 2183, KS H.B. 2332 | Yes | N/A | N/A | 1 | 1 |
| Kentucky | $7.25 | 12.1% | KY H.B. 574* (*Bill has both restrictive and expansive voting effects.) | Yes | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Louisiana | 3.7% | LA H.B. 167* (*Bill has both restrictive and expansive voting effects.) | Yes | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Maine | $12.15 | 23.5% | N/A | No | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Maryland | $11.75 | 15.4% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Massachusetts | $13.50 | 13.4% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Michigan | $9.65 | 14.2% | N/A | Yes | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Minnesota | $10.08 | 16.9% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Mississippi | 5.9% | N/A | Yes | N/A | N/A | 0 | 1 | |
| Missouri | $10.30 | 11.5% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Montana | $8.75 | 14.5% | MT H.B. 176, MT S.B. 169, MT S.B. 196, MT S.B. 530 | No | Attorney General Opinion (AG Opinion carries weight of law in MT) | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Nebraska | $9.00 | 14.3% | N/A | Yes | N/A | N/A | 0 | 1 |
| Nevada | $9.75 | 16.1% | NV S.B. 84 | Yes | N/A | N/A | 1 | 1 |
| New Hampshire | $7.25 | 11.2% | NH H.B. 523 | No | Signed | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| New Jersey | $12.00 | 14.6% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| New Mexico | $10.50 | 6.4% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| New York | $12.50 | 25.8% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| North Carolina | $7.25 | 3.0% | N/A | Yes | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| North Dakota | $7.25 | 7.1% | N/A | Yes | Signed | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Ohio | $8.80 | 13.9% | N/A | No | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Oklahoma | $7.25 | 7.3% | OK H.B. 2663* (*Bill has both restrictive and expansive voting effects.) | Yes | Signed | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Oregon | $12.75 | 17.0% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Pennsylvania | $7.25 | 16.9% | N/A | No | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rhode Island | $11.50 | 22.5% | N/A | No | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| South Carolina | 1.9% | N/A | Yes | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| South Dakota | $9.45 | 6.1% | N/A | Yes | N/A | N/A | 0 | 1 |
| Tennessee | 7.4% | N/A | Yes | Signed | 2 | 0 | 1 | |
| Texas | $7.25 | 6.1% | TX H.B. 3920, TX S.B. 1111 | Yes | Signed | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Utah | $7.25 | 1.5% | UT H.B. 12 | Yes | School board ruling | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Vermont | $11.75 | 13.5% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| Virginia | $9.50 | 5.1% | N/A | Yes | N/A | N/A | 0 | 1 |
| Washington | $13.69 | 18.2% | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 |
| West Virginia | $8.75 | 12.1% | N/A | Yes | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Wisconsin | $7.25 | 9.6% | N/A | Yes | Pre-filed, in committee, or referred to committee | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Wyoming | $7.25 | 6.2% | WY H.B. 75 | Yes | N/A | N/A | 1 | 1 |
Notes: Right-to-work (RTW) laws do not confer any sort of right to a job. Rather, they make it illegal for a group of unionized workers to negotiate a collective bargaining contract (a contract governing workplace wages, benefits, and working conditions) that includes “fair share fees.” A contract with fair share fees requires all employees who enjoy the contract’s benefits to pay their share of the costs of negotiating and enforcing it (Cooper and Wolfe 2021).
Sources: 2021 voter suppression bills: Brennan Center for Justice, Voting Laws Roundup: July 2021. Anti-racial and/or gender discourse legislations: Chalkbeat, Efforts to Restrict Teaching About Racism and Bias Have Multiplied Across the U.S.; AAFP.org, Truth Be Told; and EducationWeek, Map: Where Critical Race Theory Is Under Attack. RTW states: National Conference of State Legislatures Right-to-Work Resources. State minimum wages: U.S. Department of Labor, Consolidated Minimum Wage Table. Union density: Current Population Survey (CPS), Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) 2021 microdata.
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